Indian Constitution Online Mock Test

Article 40 of the Indian Constitution provides for the institution of Panchayati Raj. According to this article, the State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.

The Speaker has a casting vote in the event of a tie. It is customary for the Presiding Officer to exercise the casting vote in such a manner as to maintain the status quo.

The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Bihar by the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act of 1947. It was a continued legacy of local self-government started by Lord Ripon in the British era. Rajasthan was the first state to introduce the panchayat system in India after independence. Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru inaugurated the three-tier Panchayati Raj System on 2nd October 1959 in Nagaur district of Rajasthan.

The two forms of democracy are Parliamentary and Presidential. Parliamentary democracy is a form of government in which the party in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. The presidential system, unlike the parliamentary form of democracy, has a strong and independent chief executive with extensive powers related to both domestic, or internal, affairs and foreign policy. The president's independence from the legislature is based on election by the people to whom he or she is directly accountable and not to the legislature, as in the parliamentary system.

There are three important standing committees dealing with financial affairs. These committees are Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee and Committee on Public Undertakings.

Janata Party leader Morarji Desai became the fourth Prime Minister of India and first non-Congress PM from 1977 to 1979. After he resigned in 1979, his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later. Charan Singh was the fifth Prime Minister of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980.

Civil equality is elaborated as the grant of equal rights and freedoms to all people and social groups. All people are to be treated equally before the law. Civil liberty comprises the enjoyment of similar civil liberties and civil rights by all the citizens.

Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Constitution of India are the part of Constitutional Right to Equality. Article 15 secures the citizens from every sort of discrimination by the State, on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or any of them.

The manner of election of the President is provided by Article 55 of the constitution. The President of India can opt for re-election as many times as he wishes.

Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the States and of the Union Territories. These members are elected by indirect election by state and territorial legislatures.