What is Noun?
A Noun is a word used as a name of a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or event, etc.
Example: Albert (person), cow (animal), Mumbai (place), fan (thing), happiness (idea), etc.
There are five kinds of Noun:
- Proper Noun
- Common Noun
- Collective Noun
- Abstract Noun
- Material Noun
Proper Noun
A proper noun is a name which refers only to a single person, place, or thing and there is no common name for it.
In written English, a proper noun always begins with capital letters.
Example: John (particular person), Delhi (particular place), Saint John School (particular Institution), Indian, Christianity, Monday, Hindi, Himalayas etc.
Common Noun
A common noun is a name for something which is common for many things, person, or places. It encompasses a particular type of things, person, or places.
Example: country, city, institute. mother, teenager, teacher, lion, cricket, book, restaurant, zoo, envy, love, patriotism, pride
So, a common noun is a word that indicates a person, place, thing, etc. In general and a proper noun is a specific one of those.
Collective Noun
A collective noun is a word for a group of things, people, or animals, etc.
Example: board, choir, class, committee, family, group, jury, panel, staff, flock, herd, pod, swarm, bunch, collection, fleet, flotilla, pack, set, etc.
Collective nouns can be both plural and singular. However, Americans prefer to use collective nouns as singular, but both of the uses are correct in other parts of the world.
Abstract Noun
An abstract noun is a word for something that cannot be seen but is there. It has no physical existence. Generally, it refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions.
Example: consideration, parenthood, belief, anger, truth, happiness, sorrow, time, friendship, humor, patriotism, etc.
Material Noun
Material Noun is the names of materials or substances out of which things are made.
Example: gold, iron, silver, Cotton, milk, Calcium, Plastic, etc.
Compound Noun
Sometimes two or three nouns appear together, or even with other parts of speech, and create idiomatic compound nouns.
Compound noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations.
Example: six-pack, five-year-old, and mother-in-law, snowball, mailbox, washing machine, full moon, haircut, check-out, underworld, truckful, etc.
Rules of Grammar Regarding Noun
Proper nouns are sometimes used as common nouns.
For example:
- Amitabh is Gandhiji of our class. (Incorrect)
- Amitabh is the Gandhiji of our class. (Correct)
Here Gandhiji does not mean Mahatma Gandhi. The word here stands for the possessor of the qualities that Gandhiji is most known for truth and non-violence.
Thus Gandhiji is being used as a metaphorical common noun. Some nouns have the same form both in singular as well as in plural.
Rules Regarding Number of Noun
Following are rules regarding the number of the noun:
For example:
- Deer was caught.
- Deer were caught.
Here, the singular and plural form of the noun Deer is same.
Like Deer there are other nouns that have the same form in singular as well as plural form.
For example: sheep, deer, apparatus, species, series, hundred, dozen, hair, etc.
Preceding adjectives and articles decide whether the word is used in the singular form or plural form.
For example:
- He paid eight hundred rupees for this pair of shoes.
- India again lost the series.
Nouns denoting large numbers are used both in singular and plural forms.
For example:
- Three hundred people attended the function.
- Hundreds of people attended the party.
In sentence 1, ‘hundred’ is preceded by the number ‘three’. So ‘hundred’ will take no plural form. Word ‘three hundred’ indicates plurality. But in sentence 2, ‘hundred’ is not preceded by any number. So to indicate plurality, we will write ‘hundreds’.
So, the rule is that when words like hundred, dozen, thousand, pair, score are not preceded by any word denoting number then they take the plural form. Otherwise not.
Consider some more examples:
- Coca-Cola paid lakhs of rupees to Aamir Khan for promoting their product.
- I brought two dozen bananas.
Tell which sentence is correct?
1. Which sentence is correct?
- Since long no news has been heard.
- Since long no news have been heard.
Sentence 1 is correct. The reason is that some nouns are always used as singular though they look like plural nouns. That’s why we should never use the plural verb with these words.
Other similar words are politics, mathematics, physics, gallows, means, billiards, ethics, summons, innings.
For example:
- Politics is not my cup of tea.
- I received summons.
- Sachin once again played a superb innings
2. Which sentence is correct?
- The spectacles that you are wearing are really nice.
- The spectacles that you are wearing is really nice.
Sentence 1 is correct. The reason being that some noun words are always used in the plural form.
For example: trousers, arms, drawers, assets, scales, alms, thanks, cards; ashes, riches, premises, scissors, credentials, proceeds.
3. Which sentence is correct?
- The cattle was grazing in the field.
- The cattle were grazing in the field.
Sentence 2 is correct. The reason being that some nouns are always used as plurals though they look like singular.
Other nouns like this are public, people, folk, mankind, poultry, sheep, and police. Gentry, peasantry, bulk, majority.
For example:
- The majority are with the leader.
- Police, though late, have come.
- Public wants results.
4. Which sentence is correct?
- This project will lead to lots of expenditures.
- This project will lead to lots of expenditure.
Sentence 2 is correct. The reason is that some nouns are always used as singular. Preceding adjectives or the verb form indicates singularity or plurality.
Other nouns are expenditure, furniture, information, machinery, issue, offspring, alphabet, scenery, poetry.
For example:
- All the furniture was bought last year.
- All the Information was given to him.
The meaning of some nouns in plural form is very different from the meaning of nouns in the singular form. Hence, that form should be used which will convey the right meaning.
For example:
- I opened the letter and read its contents.
- Her mouth was fixed in a smile of pure content.
- The conflict between good and evil is ages old.
- We must produce goods at competitive prices.
- Delhites breathe the most polluted air in the world.
- She was just putting on airs when she came to visit us/me.
- We should renounce the use of force to settle our dispute.
- Families of people who died as a result of services in the forces should not be ignored.
- I was very excited on my return to my home village.
- Early returns in the ballot indicate majority for opposition.
Other nouns having different meanings in the singular and plural form are:
| Singular with meaning | Plural with meaning |
| Advice – counsel | Advises – information |
| Respect – regard | Respects – compliments |
| Compass – extent | Compasses – instrument or range |
| Custom – habit | Customs – duties levied on |
| Ground – Earth | Grounds – reasons |
| Iron – metal | Irons – fetters made of iron |
| Mean – average | Means – way or method |
| Respect – regard | Respects – polite greetings |
| Colour – hue | Colours – appearance |
| Physic – medicine | Physics – natural science |
Please go through the following singulars and plurals as plural forms are commonly known but their singular forms are not commonly known.
| Singular Form | Plural form |
| Agendum | Agenda |
| Alumnus | Alumni |
| Index | Indices |
| Phenomenon | Phenomena |
| Criterion | Criteria |
| Radius | Radii |
| Formula | Formulae |
| Memorandum | Memoranda |
Some noun words have two plurals with different meanings. So that plural form should be selected which will convey the right meaning.
For example:
- I have one brother and one sister (meaning- sons of the same parents).
- Why should only select brethren be allowed to attend the meeting? (meaning – members of same society, organisation)
- I took off my shoes and clothes (meaning- things that people wear).
- Cotton, Nylon, Silk are different kinds of cloths (meaning- kinds or pieces of cloth).
Other nouns having two plurals with different meanings are:
| Singular | Plural with different meaning | |
| Die | Dies – stamps | Dice – small cubes used in games |
| Genius | Geniuses-persons of great talent | Genie – spirit |
| Quarter | Quarter – fourth part | Quarter(s) – lodging |
| Manner | Manner – Method | Manners – Correct behaviour |
| Pain | Pain – Suffering | Pains – Careful efforts |
| Spectacle | Spectacle – sight | Spectacles – eye-glasses |
| Penny | Pence – indicate amount of money | Pennies number of coins |
Rules Regarding Gender of the Noun
Collective nouns, even when they denote living beings, are considered to be of the neuter gender.
For example:
- Mohan had a herd of cows. He kept a herdsman to look after her.
- Mohan had a herd of cows. He kept a herdsman to look after it.
Sentence 2 is correct. Though herd consists of cows (females), herd is not a feminine noun as it a collective noun.
Young children and the lower animals are also referred to as of the neuter gender.
For example:
- The baby loves his toys. (Incorrect)
- The baby loves its toys. (correct)
- The mouse lost his tail when the cat pounced on him. (Incorrect)
We are often uncertain regarding the gender of the animals. The mouse here may be a male or a female.
So, English language prefers the easy way out: treat it as of the neuter gender.
When objects without life are personified they are considered of:
- The masculine gender if the object is remarkable for strength and violence. e.g., Sun, Summer, Winter, Time, Death etc.
- The feminine gender if the object is remarkable for beauty, gentleness and gracefulness. e.g., Earth, Moon, Spring, Nature, Mercy etc.
For example:
- The Sun came from behind the clouds and with her brilliance tore the veil of darkness. (Incorrect)
- The Sun came from behind the clouds and with his brilliance tore the veil of darkness. (Correct)
Convention does not see brilliance as a womanly quality, but a manly one.
- Nature offers his lap to him that seeks it. (Incorrect)
- Nature offers her lap to him that seeks it. (Correct)
The offering of a lap is usually the mother’s role. Hence, Nature here should be treated as a feminine noun.
Tell which sentence is correct?
- The earth goes round the sun in 365Vs days. Can you calculate her speed?
- The earth goes round the sun in 365Vs days. Can you calculate its speed?
Sentence 2 is correct. The error being made here is that personification is being brought where it does not exist. In the above statement, the earth is being treated as a body (a thing), not a person. The scientist here is not concerned with the womanly qualities of the planet. So, neuter gender should be applied.
Rules regarding apostrophe S (’s)
1. Singular noun: ’s is added after the word.
2. Singular noun: Only an apostrophe is added when there are too many hissing sounds.
For example: Moses’ laws, for goodness’ sake, for justice’ sake.
3. Plural nouns ending in s like boys, cows: only ’ is added after the word.
4. Plural nouns not ending in s like men, children: ’s is added after the word.
5. ’s is added primarily after the living things and personified objects.
For example: Governor’s bodyguard, horse’s head, Nature’s law, Fortune’s favourite.
6. ’s is not used with inanimate or non-living things.
For example: leg of the table, cover of the book.
7. But nouns that denote time, distance or weight, ’s is used.
For example: a stone’s throw, in a year’s time, the earth’s surface.
8. Some other common phrases where ’s is used are: to his heart’s content, at his wit’s end, for goodness’ sake, out of harm’s way.
9. When a noun consists of several words, the possessive sign is attached only to the last word.
For example:
- The Queen’s of England reaction is important in the Diana episode. (Incorrect)
- The Queen of England’s reaction is important in the Diana episode. (Correct)
Do not be mistaken that since it is the Queen’s reaction, the ’s should come after queen. You might think that putting it after England would make the reaction England’s and not the Queen’s. This is shortsightedness. Do not see Queen and England in isolation, Queen of England is one whole unit and the apostrophe should come at its end.
10. When two nouns are in apposition, the possessive sign is put to the latter only.
For example:
- I am going to Stephen Hawking’s the scientist’s country. (Incorrect)
- I am going to Stephen Hawking the scientist’s country. (Correct)
11. When two or more nouns show joint possession, the possessive sign is put to the latter only.
For example:
- Amitabh and Ajitabh are Bachchanji’s sons. So Bachclaanji is Amitahh’s and Ajitabh’s father. (Incoreect)
- Amitabh and Ajitabh are Bachchanji’s sons. So Bachchanji is Amitabh and Ajitabh’s father. (Correct)
12. When two or more nouns show separate possession, the possessive sign is put with both.
For example:.
- The audience listened to Javed and Vajpayee’s poems. (Incorrect)
- The audience listened to Javed’s and Vajpayee’s poems. (Correct)