Direct and Indirect Speech Rules

English Grammar Direct and Indirect Speech Rules

What is Direct and Indirect Speech?

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this, we can use direct or quoted speech or indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech).

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (“…”) and should be word for word (exactly as it was originally said).

For example:

She said, “Today’s lesson is on presentations.” Or “Today’s lesson is on presentations,” she said.

Indirect speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech or Narration), doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Thus, in indirect speech, we convey the speaker’s message in our own words.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously, the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

For example:

Direct Speech: He said, “I’m going to the cinema”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he was going to the cinema.

Direct and Indirect Speech Rules

Reported Speech Tenses Change Chart

Below is a reported speech tense change chart with the rules for backshifting for each tense and for modal verbs.

Reported speech does not go back a tense if it is already in the past perfect (there is no further back it can go), and some modal verbs also do not change.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	past simple
“I’m a teacher”	He said he was a teacher
present continuous	past continuous
“I’m having lunch with my parents”	He said he was having lunch with his parents.
present perfect simple	past perfect simple
“I’ve been to France three times”	He said he had been to France three times.
present perfect continuous	past perfect continuous
“I’ve been working very hard”	He said he had been working very hard.
past simple	past perfect
“I bought a new car”	He said he had bought a new car.
past continuous	past perfect continuous
“It was raining earlier”	He said it had been raining earlier.
past perfect	past perfect (No change)
“The play had started when I arrived”	She said the play had started when she arrived
past perfect continuous	past perfect continuous (No change)
“I had already been living in London for five years”	Jack told me she had already been living in London for five years
Future Tense shall/will	Future in the Past should/would
Eli said, “I will buy the book tomorrow”	Eli said that she would buy the book tomorrow.
Other verb forms also sometimes change
will	would
“I will come and see you soon”	He said he would come and see me soon.
can	could
“I can swim under water for two minutes”	He said he could swim under water for two minutes.
must	had to
“All tickets must be bought in advance”	He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance.
shall	should
“What shall we do about it?”	He asked what we should do about it.
may	might
“May I smoke?”	He asked if he might smoke.
ought to	No change
“You ought to come at 7 pm”	He told me I ought to come at 7 pm
Should	No change
“I should have helped you”	He said he should have helped me
Would	No change
“I would walk the dog at night”	She said she would walk the dog at night
Could	No change
“You culdn’t do it”	He told me I culdn’t do it
Might	No change
“I might arrive late”	He said he might arrive late

Direct and Indirect speech Examples for Tense

1. Simple Present to Simple Past

Direct: He said, “The boy goes home.”
Indirect: He said that the boy went home.

2. Present Continuous to Past Continuous

Direct: Ram said, “I am reading a book.”
Indirect: Ram said that he was reading a book.

3. Present Perfect to Past Perfect

Direct: The girl said, “I have lost my pen.”
Indirect: The girl said that she had lost her pen.

4. Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous

Direct: He said, “Ram has been going.”
Indirect: He said that Ram had been going.

5. Past Indefinite to Past Perfect

Direct: Mother said, “I bought a watch for you.”
Indirect: Mother said that she had bought a watch for him.

6. Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous

Direct: Raju said, “I was repairing a car.”
Indirect: Raju said that he had been repairing a car.

7. Future Tense (shall/will) to future in the Past (should/would)

Direct: The teacher said, “I shall give you notes.”
Indirect: The teacher said that he would give them notes.

8. Conditional to Perfect Conditional Direct:

Direct: He said, “If I had the money I could buy the car.”
Indirect: She said that if he had the money he could have bought the car.

9. Past Perfect Tense: No Change

Direct: She said, “I had gone to Bhagalpur.”
Indirect: She said that she had gone to Bhagalpur.

10. Auxiliary Verbs (would, should, might, could, ought, must) — No Change

Direct: He said, “I would like to take milk.”
Indirect: He said that he would like to take milk.
Direct: The boy said, “The teacher could have solved it in no time.”
Indirect: The boy said that the teacher could have solved it in no time.
Direct: He said, “The boy must apologise to the teacher.”
Indirect: He said that the boy must apologise to the teacher.

Changes of Interrogative Sentences

The reporting verb said/said to is changed in asked, demanded, ordered, enquired as per the nature of the sentence.

Example:

Toni said, “What is Luna doing?”
Toni asked me what Luna was doing.

While a sentence starts with reporting verb then at the conversion time if /whether is used as the joining clause.

Example:

Luna said, “Will she come for lunch?”
Luna asked if she would come for lunch.

In case the sentence starts from “Wh” question word, then no extra conjunction is used.

Example:

The boy asked, “Where do you stay?”
The boy inquired where I stayed

Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives

positive imperative	tell + infinitive
Shut up!	He told me to shut up.
negative imperative	tell + not + infinitive
Don’t do that again!	He told me not to do it again.
imperatives as requests	ask + infinitive
Please give me some money	He asked me to give him some money.

Time and Place References

Time and place references often have to change
now	then
today	that day
here	there
this	that
this week	that week
tomorrow	the following day, the next day, the day after
next week	the following week, the next week, the week after
yesterday	the previous day, the day before
last week	the previous week, the week before
ago	previously, before
2 weeks ago	2 weeks previously, 2 weeks before
tonight	that night
last Saturday	the previous Saturday, the Saturday before
next Saturday	the following Saturday, the next Saturday, the Saturday after, that Saturday

Examples:

I went to the theatre last night.
He said he had gone to the theatre the night before.
I’m having a party next weekend.
He said he was having a party the next weekend.
I’m staying here until next week.
He said he was staying there until the following week.
I came over from London 3 years ago.
He said he had come over from London 3 years before.

When verbs don’t follow the rules?

The verb tenses do not always follow the rules shown above. For example, if the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change in the reported sentence. Also, a sentence in direct speech in present or future tense can remain the same if what is said is still true or relevant.

For example:

You’ve invited someone for dinner at your house, and the phone rings. It’s them! They say:
(on the phone) “I’m sorry, but I think I’m going to be a bit late. There’s a lot of traffic.”
After you finish speaking on the phone, you say to someone else:
That was Juan. He said he thinks he’s going to be late because there’s a lot of traffic.

Another example:

A friend says to you: “Maria’s ill. She’s got chickenpox!”
You say to someone else: Laura said that Maria’s ill. She’s got chickenpox.
However, the following day you see Maria at the beach. You’re surprised and say to her:
Laura said that you were ill. She said you had chickenpox.

This has to change to the past because it isn’t true. Maria obviously isn’t ill.

Direct statements in past tense do not always change either, because a change might alter the meaning or just make it sound confusing.

For example:

A friend is telling you about the horrible weather: “It started raining heavily when I left work.” (This is where things get confusing):
He said it had started raining heavily when he had left work (it sounds horrible and the sentence is almost nothing but verbs).
He said it had started raining heavily when he left work (is wrong because it means it was already raining when he left work)
He said it started raining heavily when he left work (is the best version because it is accurate, short, and there is no confusion because of the time context)

Generally speaking, the past simple and continuous don’t always need to be changed if:

There is a time context which makes everything clear, and/or there is another action already using the past perfect, which might alter the meaning or make things confusing.

Rules for Universal Truth, Habitual Facts, etc.

(i) If the Reported Speech states some General, Universal or Habitual Truth, Proverb, Historical event in the past, Improbable future condition, the Present Tense used there is not changed into the corresponding past form.

Example:

Direct: My friend said, “I am an early riser.”
Indirect: My friend said that he is an early riser.
Direct: Father said, “Man is the only animal that cooks his food.”
Indirect: Father said that man is the only animal that cooks his food.
Direct: The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Indirect: The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.
Direct: The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

(ii) The Past Indefinite Tense or the Past Continuous Tense is not changed if the Reported Speech states two actions which took place at the same time.

Example:

Direct: Sarla said, “When Ram was reading Sham was writing.”
Indirect: Sarla said that when Ram was reading Sham was writing.

(iii) The Simple Past is not changed if the Reported Speech states a past historical event or fact.

Example:

Direct: The teacher said, “Akbar died in 1605 AD.”
Indirect: The teacher said that Akbar died in 1605 AD.

(iv) Vocative and nominative of address are omitted altogether and their sense is expressed in the sentence.

Example:

Direct: The speaker said, “Gentlemen, I will tell you what is going there.”
Indirect: The speaker told his audience (those present) that he would tell them what was going there
Direct: He said, “I hope, friends, you will support me.”
Indirect: He said that he hoped they would support him.

(v) Past tense subjunctive after would like, would rather, etc. do not change.

Example:

Direct: He said, “I would rather she played.”
Indict: He said that he would rather she played.

(vi) Pure imaginary conditions (if …. were clauses) do not change.

Example:

Direct: He said, “If I were rich, I would settle in Mumbai.
Indirect: He said that if he were rich, he would settle in Mumbai.

(vii) Simple Past or Past Continuous tense in Time Clauses do not normally change. The main verb may either remain unchanged or may become the past perfect, as,

Example:

Direct: He said. “When we lived/were living in Chennai, we often visited Rameshwarm”
Indirect: He said that when they lived/ were living in Chennai, they often visited/ had visite Rameshwarm

Rules for the Change of Pronouns

If the direct speech has a pronoun, its person is changed, when necessary, to refer in the indirect to the same individual as it does in the direct.

First person: the first person in reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.

Example:

Soni said, “I am a good girl.”
Soni said that she was a good girl.

Second person: in reported speech change of the second person depends on the object of reporting speech.

Example:

I told them, “You have finished your work.”
I told them that they had finished their work.

Third person: the third person remains unchanged.

Example:

He said, “She is in Delhi.”
He said that she was in Delhi.

Table for the changes in pronoun
Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
I	He/she
You	He/she/they
We	They
They	They
He	He
She	She
It	It
Us	Them
Our	Their
His	His
Her	Her
Its	Its

Examples:

Direct: He said, “I can cross this river.”
Indirect: He said that he could cross that river.
Direct: You said. “I can cross this river.”
Indirect: You said that you could cross that river.
Direct: I said, “I can cross this river.”
Indirect: I said that I could cross that river.

You also need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need to be changed according to the situation. You need to know the context.

For example, there is possible confusion when you try to change reported speech to direct speech:

She said she’d been waiting for hours. (Is ‘she‘ one person or two different people?)
I told them they would have to ask permission. (Are we talking about two groups of people or only one?)

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